Adult and Community Education E-Archive Paper

Robyn Spoon commented on Group 2's E-Archive
Natalie Guest commented on Group 4's E-Archive
Meredith Freeman commented on Group 3's E-Archive
Emily Shepard commented on Group 4's E-Archive.

Robyn Spoon was responsible for the 1860s-1890s and learning from the past.

Natalie Guest was responsible for the 1940s-1960s and the future of adult/community education.

Meredith Freeman was responsible for the 1990s and what has prevented people of color from fully participating in education along with final editing of the E-Archive.

Emily Sheperd was responsible for 2010s and addressing roadblocks for education.

Adult/Community Education E-Archive

Group 1: Meredith Freeman, Natalie Guest, Emily Sheperd, Robyn Spoon

Ball State University

1860s-1890s

Major Movements and Important Historical Context

• 13th and 14th Amendment passed (Morton, 1991).

Main Educators and Programs

• The lyceum movement was the major source of adult education (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2016)
• Pit schools educated slaves although it was against the law; following the Civil War, segregated Sabbath Schools educated freed slaves (Gundaker, 2007).
• Land grant schools began in 1862; land grant schools for African Americans in 1890 (Lang, 1997).

Impact and Significance

• Policies were implemented to prevent blacks from receiving the same education as whites
• Our group felt these movements and policies were important to cover because they set the stage for a long history of opportunities for some, but for people of color the opportunities were often withheld through legislation and intimidation.

1940s-1960s

Major Movements and Important Historical Context

• MLK Jr, Malcolm X, Black Panthers, and more lead Civil Rights Movement (CRM) and educated the community through activism (Highlander Research and Education Center, 2017).

Main Educators and Programs

• GI Bill encouraged veterans to pursue higher education (U.S. Department of Education, 2013).
• Military largest provider of adult education with focus on basic literacy (Morton, 1991).
• Freire and Illich analyzed societal structure to question status quo (Martin, 2003).

Impact and Significance

• CRM began to correct the exclusion of education opportunities for minorities.
• When considering literacy and opportunities for education for all people, including for people of color, the Civil Rights Movement could not be overlooked as much was done to attempt to bring educational opportunities to all people during this time period.

1990s

Major Movements and Important Historical Context

• Pres. George H. W. Bush goal of 100% literate adults (4President, 2011).
• Pres. Clinton created higher education tax credit (On the Issues, 2017),

Main Educators and Programs

• Colleges encouraged enrollment from minorities (Hamil-Luker & Uhlenberg, 2002).
• Thomas Ehrlich involved legislators in public university funding (Haack, 2014).

Impact and Significance

• Importance of adult education highlighted in legislation.
• While the general population might not consider the 1990s a critical time period for expanding literacy, there were several key educators and political goals to expand literacy to all people.  

2010s

Major Movements and Important Historical Context

• MOOCs and OERs bring free/low-cost education opportunities that anyone with an internet connection can access (Shah, 2015; IACE, 2016).

Main Educators and Programs

• Marie Cini moved an entire university to OERs (IACE, 2016).
• Coursera offers courses taught by professors for low cost (Coursera Inc., 2017).
• HBX brings a new professional touch to the online classroom (Feloni, 2015).

Impact and Significance

• Education resources more readily available, but only if you have internet.
• Our group found MOOCs an interesting opportunity for adults to expand educational opportunity, but discussed and considered the inequality associated with access to technology and broadband internet as the new great separator for educational opportunity bringing amazing opportunities to those with access and continued separation from opportunity for those without.

Below is a reference list for all sources used in the audio and visual sections of the e-archive.

References

4President. (2011). Bill Clinton 1996 on the issues improving education. Retrieved from http://www.4president.us/issues/clinton1996/clinton1996education.htm

Andrews, B. F. (1918). The land grant of 1862 and the land-grant colleges. Bureau Of Education, Department Of The Interior, 13.

Biography. (2017). Abraham Lincoln. Retrieved from http://www.biography.com/people/abraham-lincoln-9382540

Biography. (2017). Ralph Waldo Emerson. Retrieved from http://www.biography.com/people/ralph-waldo-emerson-9287153

Biography. (2017). Susan B. Anthony. Retrieved from http://www.biography.com/people/susan-b-anthony-194905

Boston, N., Hallman, J., & Sambol-Tosco, K. (2004). Slave experience: education, arts and culture. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/education/history2.html

Collection of New-York Historical Society. (n.d.). Frederick Douglass. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h2962.html

Coursera Inc. (2017). About. Retrieved from https://about.coursera.org.

Feloni, R. (2015, February 27). Harvard Business School hopes to fundamentally change online education with its new $1,500 pre-MBA program. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/harvard-business-school-hbx-1500-online-program-2015-2

Gundaker, G. (2007). Hidden education among African Americans during slavery. Teachers College Record, 109(7). Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ820471

Haack, A. (2014, July 18). IU President Thomas Erlich. Retrieved from https://blogs.libraries.indiana.edu/iubarchives/2014/07/18/c501/

Hamil-Luker, J., & Uhlenberg, P. (2002). Later life education in the 1990s: Increasing involvement and continuing disparity. Journal of Gerontology, 57B(6), S324-S331.

Highlander Research and Education Center. (2017). Over 80 years of fighting for justice. Retrieved from http://highlandercenter.org/media/timeline/

History.com. (2009). James Buchanan. Retrieved from http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/james-buchanan

Indiana Family and Social Services Administration. (2017). Temporary assistance for needy families. Retrieved from https://www.in.gov/fssa/dfr/2684.htm

International Adult Continuing Education. (2016). Marie Cini: Hall of fame class of 2016. Retrieved from http://www.halloffame.outreach.ou.edu/2016/Cini.html

Jones, R. C., & And, O. (1990). Building U.S. economic competitiveness: The land-grant model. Change, 22(3), 10-17.

Lang, D. W. (1997). Amos Brown and the American land grant college movement: ASHE annual meeting paper. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED415797

Lyceum, 19th-century American educational association. (2016).  In Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/reference-entries/39019291/lyceum-19th-century-american-educational-association

Martin, E. J. (2003). Critical social analysis, service learning, and urban affairs: A course application in public policy and administration. New Political Science, 25(3), 407-431. doi:10.1080/07393140307185

Mirel, J. (2006). The traditional high school: Historical debates over it nature and function. Education Next, 6(1), 14-21. Retrieved from http://educationnext.org/the-traditional-high-school/

Morton, S. T. (1991). Charting the Course of Lifelong Learning for Blacks. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED359317

On the Issues (2017). George Bush, Sr. on education. Retrieved from http://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/George_Bush_Sr__Education.htm

Pemberton, C., & Haack, A. (2013). Indiana University President's Office records: 1976-1995. Retrieved from http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/findingaids/

Pew Research Center. (2016, September 7). 13% of Americans don’t use the internet. Who are they?. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/07/some-americans-dont-use-the-internet-who-are-they/

Shah, D. (2015, December 21). By the numbers: MOOCS in 2015. Retrieved from https://www.class-central.com/report/moocs-2015-stats/.

U.S. Department of Education (2013). An american

heritage--Federal adult education: A legislative history 1964-2013. Retrieved from https://lincs.ed.gov/professional-development/publications

U.S. Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics. (1998) Adult Education in the 1990s: A Report on the 1991 National Household Education Survey. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/pubs98/9803.pdf.